基于不同小波的CWOFDM系统的仿真与分析
2009-06-09
作者:王学伟, 陈 雷
摘 要:DWT比DFT在子信道间有更高的频谱约束力,可以去除COFDM(编码正交频分复用)系统中必须的CP(循环前缀),从而提高带宽利用率。对不同小波下CWOFDM(编码小波正交频分复用)系统在无线信道下的传输性能进行仿真。结果表明,CWOFDM系统抗噪声和多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" 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title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" 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title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落" title="多径衰落">多径衰落性能优于COFDM,而且小波的滤波器长度和分解层数都会影响CWOFDM系统抗噪声和多径衰落的性能。
关键词:编码正交频分复用;离散小波变换; 编码小波正交频分复用; 小波分解层数
在4G通信系统中,OFDM已经被证明是一种处理高速数据流的有效方法,每一个COFDM帧之前增加的循环前缀可以避免多径衰落信道带来的ISI(符号间干扰)和ICI(码间干扰),但这样将大大降低带宽利用率。为了提高带宽利用率,一方面将OFDM系统做得越来越复杂,将高效的纠错码与OFDM系统相结合,构成更高性能的COFDM系统[1];另一方面寻找新的变换替代傅里叶变换,其中用离散小波变换去替代傅里叶变换是最受关注的。这是因为OFDM系统频谱旁瓣较大,而小波变换则能克服这一问题,因此可以在OFDM系统中不加循环前缀的情况下,避免ISI和ICI[2]。由于OFDM系统中循环前缀长度一般为FFT长度的1/4,因此,去除循环前缀的WOFDM系统比OFDM系统可提高近20%的带宽利用率。同时,WOFDM(小波正交频分复用)在复杂信道环境中尤其是电力线通信中的优势,使人们有理由相信CWOFDM在4G通信中具有重要地位[3,4]。目前,对于CWOFDM的研究更多地关注高效的纠错码,参考文献[5]对比了不同正交基的OFDM系统在频率选择性信道中的性能优劣,但没有对小波进行比较选取。参考文献[6-8]分别从Turbo码、LDPC码和MLC码角度去分析CWOFDM在AWGN和瑞利衰落信道中的性能,但是这几种不同的信道编码方案中所采用的都只是Haar小波,没有分析比较其他小波。因此本文对采用不同小波的CWOFDM系统在多种信道中的传输性能进行研究。
1 编码小波正交频分复用系统
图1给出了CWOFDM的系统框图。
本文主要研究小波对于整个CWOFDM系统的影响,为了降低系统运行复杂度,图1中编解码结构采用一种最简单的线性分组码——(7,4)汉明码,它的最小码距为3,这种码只能纠正一个错误或检测两个错误。
2 离散小波变换原理
离散小波变换之所以能够替代傅里叶变换在多载波系统中得到应用,不仅仅因为离散小波能克服OFDM系统频谱旁瓣较大这一问题,而且离散小波也同时具有快速算法:Mallat 塔式快速算法。在实际的应用中,这种快速算法主要通过高低滤波器来实现。一般来说,将离散信号的一次小波分解与重构电路结构称作双通道多采样率滤波器组,如图2所示。
其中h0(n)、h1(n)由尺度函数φ(t)和小波函数ψ(t)决定,与具体尺度无关。
分析滤波器和综合滤波器在正交分解时是相通的,高通滤波器与低通滤波器之间是时序反转的关系,公式如下:
而且,由同一尺度下尺度函数和小波函数正交性可推得:
(3)式说明滤波器之间是偶次移位正交的。
3 系统性能分析
3.1 离散小波
目前,所有可以应用到快速算法的小波族如表1所示。由于Morlet、Gaussian、Mexican hat、Complex Gaussian、Shannon、Frequency B-Spline和Complex Morlet等小波不具有离散小波变换,Meyer小波虽然具有离散小波变换,但不具有FWT(快速小波变换),因此,文中没有对它们进行分析对比。
3.2 不同小波下系统抗噪声性能分析
文中采用的高斯白噪声信道是用Matlab构造的相同随机种子的白噪声信道,这样可以保证各种小波是在同一种信道环境中对系统的影响。
3.2.1 Haar小波
Haar小波具有最小的消失矩,又是对称的,因此频带划分效果不是很好。
3.2.2 Daubechies小波
本文将Daubechies小波族中的所有小波用在CWOFDT系统中,并在高斯白噪声信道下对整个系统性能进行了仿真。表2给出了CWOFDM基于不同db小波在高斯白噪声信道下的误码率。
表2中只是从所有的db小波中选取7个有特点的小波,并与Haar小波和COFDM性能进行比较。Daubechies小波族中随着N的增大,小波滤波器长度逐渐增大,消失矩阶数逐渐增大,频带划分效果更好,系统误码率也逐渐变好。随着信噪比的增大,信号功率逐渐增强,系统对抗噪声的性能要求逐渐减弱。在低信噪比时,即SNR<5,系统误码率性能是随着滤波器长度的增大而变好,Haar小波滤波器长度最短,因此性能最差,但还是比COFDM系统误码率好。在大信噪比时,随着SNR的逐渐增大,Haar小波系统误码率比db小波系统误码率逐渐降低。因此,CWOFDM系统更适合在恶劣的环境中传递数据,例如电力线载波。
3.2.3 Coiflets小波
表3给出了CWOFDM基于不同coif小波在高斯白噪声信道下的误码率。
从表3中可以看出,随着coifN中N的增大,coif小波滤波器有效长度不断增加,在低信噪比情况下,系统误码率性能也是渐渐变好,大信噪比情况下,性能恰恰相反。对于Haar小波,Coif小波具有更大的消失矩,因此在频域内更好的局部性,系统性能也更优,尤其是coif4和coif5,系统误码率性能始终优于Haar系统,只是coif3小波在高信噪比时误码率性能较差。
3.2.4 Symlets小波 和Discrete Meyer小波
表4给出了CWOFDM基于不同sym小波和dmey小波在高斯白噪声信道下的误码率。虽然Symlets小波滤波器长度与dB小波滤波器长度一样,随着SymN中N的增大,滤波器长度也是逐渐增大的,但是性能却截然相反。从表中可以看出,基于Symlets小波的CWOFDM系统误码率性能是随着滤波器长度的增大而逐渐减弱,而且相同滤波器长度下,它的运行时间是db小波的9.6倍。dmey小波的滤波器长度是所有小波中最长的,但它的性能却优于最短滤波器长度的Haar小波。
3.2.5 Biorthogonal小波和Reverse Biorthogonal小波
Bior族小波与Rbior族小波性质几乎一样,因此在整个系统中,它们的性能也是一样的。表5给出了CWOFDM基于不同bior小波在高斯白噪声信道下的误码率。
从表5可以看出基于bior3.N和rbior3.N小波的CWOFDM系统误码率比基于其他bior和rbior族小波的CWOFDM系统误码率高出5e-2,即近半个数量级。这是因为,bior与rbior小波的滤波器有效长度不是规律性的增加,因此误码率也不是规律性的变化,但依然是随着滤波器有效长度增加而降低。
3.3 不同小波下系统抗多径衰落性能分析
这里的多径模式采用3径,第二径伴随着3 dB的衰落,第三径伴随着2.5 dB的衰落。对所有小波下的CWOFDM系统抗多径衰落性能进行研究分析,发现只是bior3.N小波、rbio3.N和symN(N>32)这三个系列小波性能较其他小波性能差。其他的性能与抗噪声系统一样,由于篇幅所限,不一一列举。
3.4 小波不同层数下系统性能分析
基于相同小波分解不同层数时CWOFDM系统抗噪声性能如图3所示,小波为coif2,分解的层数从1~4,从图3中可以看出小波分解层数越多,系统误码率性能越好,这是因为小波分解层数越深,小波分解的频谱上低频分量所占的带宽越小,受噪声影响的效果越小,在恢复的时候抗噪声性能越好。
图4是不同层数下的小波抗多径干扰的性能分析,采用QPSK调制方式,采用的小波与白噪声仿真时所用的一样,小波层数分解从1~4。从图4中的曲线可以看出,CWOFDM系统小波分解一层时的系统抗多径衰落最好,当信噪比为6时,其误码率为0.039 551;分解层数为2~4的CWOFDM系统误码率分别为0.061 523,0.063 477和0.064 697,误码率有少许的增加;位于最上边的曲线是COFDM系统抗多径误码率曲线,当信噪比为6时,其误码率为0.18506,比CWOFDM误码率高出一个数量级。分解层数越少,系统抗多径误码率越低,这是因为小波分解层数越高,低频信息的周期越短,越接近于信道的多径时延,误码率就越高。
3.5 相同滤波器长度下CWOFDM系统性能分析
图5是在滤波器长度都是6、分解层数都是3时,不同小波下系统误码率曲线。在信噪比为3的情况下,bior1.3小波的系统误码率为0.261 7,其他3个小波的误码率分别为0.208 3,0.206 5和0.206 5,它们误码率之间相差将近5%,因为bior小波只具有双正交性,在噪声功率很大时小波滤波器的划分频带产生的混叠效应会大于其他3种小波。同时从图中也可以看出db小波和sym小波误码率曲线基本重合,与上面得出的结论是一致的。每个小波的系统仿真时间基本上是一样的。
图6对比了上述4种小波下系统抗多径衰落的误码率并与COFDM系统进行了比较,采用的多径模型为3,分解层数也为3。4种小波下系统误码率曲线基本上是一样的,因为进行了3层分解后,4种小波的低频信息的周期较接近。从图6可以看出COFDM系统的误码率就要比CWOFDM系统的高,而且随着信噪比的增大,二者之间的误码率差距逐渐增大。因此CWOFDM系统抗多径衰落性能明显优于COFDM系统。
本文对不同小波下的CWOFDM系统进行了对比研究,得出以下结论: CWOFDM系统抗多径干扰误码率低于COFDM系统;不同族小波由于其特性不同,应用在CWOFDM系统中的性能也是不同的;CWOFDM系统抗高斯白噪声和多径衰落的误码率随着小波滤波器长度的增加而降低,除了bior族小波;采用QPSK调制方式,不同分解层数的小波下的CWOFDM系统抗噪声性能随着分解层数的增大而增强,与抗多径衰落性能相反;相同滤波器长度的CWOFDM系统抗噪声性能中,bior族小波性能稍差,但其抗多径衰落性能与其他小波一致。
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